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¤é¥»¬¡Â_¼h¬ã¨s·|(1980)»{¬°¦b²Ä¥|¬ö´¿¸g¤Ï´_¬¡°Ê¡A¥B±À´ú±N¨Ó¥i¯à¦A«×¬¡°ÊªºÂ_¼h¡AºÙ¤§¬°¡©¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h¡ª¡CµM¦Ó¨Ì¬ü°ê­ì¤l¯à©e­û·|©Ò­q©wªº¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h¼Ð·Ç¡A«h¥²¶·¦Ü¤Ö¦X¥G¤U¦C¨ä¤¤¤@¶µ±ø¥ó¡G(1)¦b¹L¥h35,000¦~¤º´¿¦b¦aªí©Î¦aªíªþªñ¦Ü¤Öµo¥Í¤@¦¸¤§²¾°ÊªÌ©Î¦b¹L¥h500,000¦~¤º´¿­«½Æ²¾°ÊªÌ¡A(2)¥H¨¬°÷ºë±Kªº¦a¾_»ö´¿°O¿ý¦³·P¦a¾_(macroseismicity)¡A¦Ó¦¹¦a¾_¤§µo¥Í»PÂ_¼h¦³ª½±µÃö³sªÌ¡A(3)»P§t¦³(1)©Î(2)¶µ±ø¥ó¤§Â_¼h¡A¨ã¦³¦a½èºc³y¬ÛÃö©Ê(structural relationship)¤§Â_¼h¡A·í¨ä¤¤¤§¤@µo¥Í²¾°Ê²{¶H®É¡A¥ç¥i¹w´Á¥L¤é·|¦³¦P¼Ëªº²{¶Hµo¥Í(Code of Federal Regulations, 1978)¡C«eªÌ©Ò­q¤§¼Ð·Ç¦b¹ê»Ú»{©wªºµ{§Ç¤W®e©öµo¥Í§xÃø¡C¤ñ¦p»¡¤@µo¥Í¦b¥þ·s¥@(§Y¨Ï¬O¦³¸Ô²Ó¾ú¥v°O¸ü)ªºÂ_¼h¡A­YÂ_¼h¨ÃµL¾A·íªº¦a¼h­å­±¯àÃÒ©ú¨ä¦³¡©­«½Æ¡ª¬¡°Êªº²{¶H¡A«h¤£¯à»{©w¬O¡©¬¡°Ê¡ªÂ_¼h¡A¦Ó«áªÌ©Ò­q¤§±ø¤å«h¸û¬°©ú½T¡A»{©w¤W¸û¬°®e©ö¡C¦ýµL½×¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h©w¸q¬°¦ó¡A¨ä»{©w¤§¼Ð·ÇÀ³µø¸Ó¤uµ{¾D¯}Ãa«á¥i¯à²£¥Í¤§«áªG¦Ó©w¡C¹ï®Ö¯à©Î®Ö¤l³]¬Iµ¥¨ã¦³°ª«×¦MÀI©Êªº¤uµ{¡A¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h¤§©w¸qÀ³±Ä¥Î¸ûÄY®æªº¼Ð·Ç(¦p¬ü°ê­ì¤l¯à©e­û·|©Ò­qªº)¡F¦Ó¹ï¤@¯ë«Ø¿v¤Î¤p¤uµ{¦Ó¨¥¡A«h¥i±Ä¥Î¸û¹ê»Úªº¼Ð·Ç(¦pCMGB©Ò­qªºÂ_¼h¬¡°Ê«×¬°¡©¬¡°Ê¡ªªÌ)¡C

¥t¥~¡A¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h¥i¨Ì¨ä«ùÄò©Ê©Î¬ðµo©Êªº¬¡°Ê«¬ºA¡A¤À§OºÙ¤§¬°¼ç°Ê(Creep)«¬¤Î¦a¾_µo¥Í«¬¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h(«®¨£¡A1979)¡C¬ü°êªºSan AndreasÂ_¼h§YÄÝ©ó¼ç°Ê«¬¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h¡A¨ä¼ç°Ê³t«×¬ù¨C¦~2.5¦Ü3.5¤½¤À(Keller, et al., 1982)¡C¦Ó1935¦~¥xÆW¤¤³¡µo¥Í¤j¦a¾_®É©Ò²£¥ÍªºÂ_¼h¡A«hÄÝ©ó¦a¾_µo¥Í«¬ªº¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h(¼ï°ê¼Ù¡A1983)¡C

¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A¬¡°ÊÂ_¼hªº¦a½è¾Ç»{©w¤èªk¶·¥]¬A¨â­Ó¨BÆJ¡A¨ä¤@¬°¦a§Î²§±`©Î¦a§Î¯S¼xªº§ä´M¡A¨ä¤G¬°¦a¼hÃÒ¾Úªºµo±¸¡C²Ä¤@­Ó¨BÆJ¥i´£¨Ñ¦ó³B¥i¥Hµoı¦a¼hÃÒ¾Ú¡BÂ_¼h©µ¦ù¦ì¸m¡B¦ñÀHÂ_¼hµo¥Íªº¦a§Î¤ÎÂ_¼h²¾°Ê¤è¦¡µ¥¸ê®Æ¡A¹ï²Ä¤G­Ó¨BÆJªº¶i¦æ±N´£¨Ñ·¥¦³»ù­Èªº¸ê®Æ¡F²Ä¤G­Ó¨BÆJ«h¬O§Q¥Î¦a¼hªºÃÒ¾ÚÃÒ©úÂ_¼h¬O§_¬°¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h¡C¥Ñ©ó¬¡°ÊÂ_¼h¬°Â_¼hªº¤@ºØ¡A¦]¦¹¨ä¦b¦a§Î¤Wªº¯S¼x»P¤@¯ëÂ_¼hÃþ¦ü¡A¥u¬O¥¦µo¥Íªº¦~¥N¶ZÂ÷²{¥N¸ûªñ¡A¯S¼x¸û®e©ö«O¦s¤U¨Ó¡CCoasta and Baker (1981) ©Ò´£¥X¬¡°ÊÂ_¼hªº¦a§Î¯S¼x¥D­n¦³10ºØ¡A¥]¬AÂ_¼h±V(fault scarp)¡B«d¤Á¤s¼L(faceted spur)¡BÂ_¼h±V¤WªºÄa¨¦(hanging valley)¡BÂ_¼h±aªþªñªººÚ¦a(ponding drainage)¡B¿ù°ÊªeÂ_¼h¦À(sag pond)¡BÂ_¼h±Vªþªñ¤§¶©°_©Î§á¦±ªº¥­¥x(warped tarrace)¡BÂ_¼h±a¨â°¼¤§¤gÄ[¡B´Ó¥Íªº®t²§¡BÂ_¼h½u¤Wªº½uª¬ªe¨¦©Î¥W¼Ñ(linear valley or trough)¡B¤Î¾îÂ_À­(shatter ridge)µ¥¡A¨ä¤¤¤j³¡¥÷¥i¥ÑWesson, et al., (1975)¬ã¨sªº¥[¦{San AndreasÂ_¼h¤§¦a§Î¯S¼x»¡©ú(¹Ï2)¡C

 

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±×©Y¹B°Ê¥i¨Ì¨ä²¾°Ê¤è¦¡¦Ó¤À¬°¼Y¸¨(falls)¡B¶É½(topples)¡B·Æ°Ê(slides)¡B°¼·Æ(spreads)»P¬y°Ê(flows)µ¥¤­¤j°ò¥»Ãþ«¬(¹Ï3)¡A³o¤­ºØ¹B°Ê§Y¤@¯ë²ÎºÙªº¤s±Y(landslide)¡C¥t¦³¥Ñ¨âºØ¥H¤W°ò¥»Ãþ«¬²Õ¦X¦Ó¦¨ªº½Æ¦X«¬±×©Y¹B°Ê(complex slope movements)¡Cµo¥Í²¾°Êªºª«½è¥i¤À¬°©¥¥Û(bedrock)©M¤uµ{¤gÄ[(engineering soils)¨âºØ¡A¨ä¤¤¤uµ{¤gÄ[¤S¥i²Ó¤À¬°Áû²É¸û²Êªº¤g¥Û(debris)©MÁû²É¸û²Óªº¤gªd(earth)(ªí¤G)¡C

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Á·½K(fold)ªº¤j¤p´T«×¤£µ¥¡A³Ì¤pªº¥u¯à¦bÅã·LÃè¤U¬Ý¨ì¡A³Ì¤jªº¼e«×¥i¯à¹F¨ì´X¤½¨½¥H¤W¡CÁ·½Kªº§Îª¬¤]ÅܤƦhºÝ¡A¦³ªº§e¯Uªø§Î¡A¦³ªº§eµu¶ê§Î¡A¤]¦³ªº§e¦UºØ¤£³W«h§Îª¬¡CÁ·½K¬°¶©°_ªº¤s¯ß¤¤³Ì±`¨£ªººc³y²{¶H¡A¹ïÄqÅ骺§Î¦¨©M¥Ûªoªº¿n»Eµ¥¤]¦³­«­nªºÃö«Y¡C¦pªG¦³«Ü¦hªºÁ·½K¬Û³s¦b¤@°_¡A±µÄò¥X²{¡A´N³y¦¨¤@­ÓÁ·½K±a(fold belt)¡A«Ü¦h¥D­n¤s¯ßªº¤¤¶¡³£¦³¦¹²{¶H¡C

¤@­ÓÁ·½Kªº¥D­n³¡¥÷¦³¤U¦C¦UºØ¡G¶b¯á(hinge)©ÎºÙ¶b½u(axis)¬O§â¤@­ÓÁ·½K¤¤¥ô¦ó¤@­Ó¦a¼hªºÅs¦±«×³Ì¤jªº¦UÂI³sµ²°_¨Ó©Ò±oªº¤@±ø½u¡A©Î¬O¤U­±©Ò»¡ªº¶b­±©M¥ô¦ó¤@­Ó¦a¼h­±¬Û¥æªº¤@±ø½u¡C¶b­±(axial plane)¬OºÉ¥i¯à§â¤@­ÓÁ·½K¤À¦¨¬Û¤¬¹ïºÙ¨â¥bªº¤@­Ó­±¡A©ÎªÌ¶b­±¥]¬A¤@Á·¦±¤¤©Ò¦³¦U¦a¼h¶b½uªº¤@­Ó°²·Q­±¡C¶b­±¤£¤@©w³£¬O´X¦ó¤Wªº¥­­±¡A¦h¤Ö¦³¨ÇÅs¦±¡A©Î³\ºÙ¤§¬°axial surface¤ñ¸û§´·í¡C¤@­ÓÁ·½KªºÁl(flank; limb)´N¬O±q¥¦ªº¶b­±³s¨ì¬Û¾F¤@Á·½K­±ªº³¡¥÷¡A¤@­ÓÁ·½Kªº¥kÁl§Y¨ä¬Û¾F¤@Á·½Kªº¥ªÁl¡C¤@­ÓÁ·½K¤¤ªº³Ì°ªÂI¤£¤@©w´N¬O¥¦ªº¶b¯á©Î¶b½u¡AÁ·½K¤¤ªº³Ì°ªÂI¦W¥sÁ·®p(crest)¨ä³Ì§CÂI¦W¥sÁ·¨¦(trough)¡A¨£¹Ï16¡C

¦pªG¤@­ÓÁ·½Kªº¨âÁlªº¨¤«×¤j­P¬Ûµ¥¡A¶b­±««ª½¡A´N¥s°µ¹ïºÙÁ·½K(symmetric fold)¡C¦pªGÁ·½Kªº¨âÁl¨¤«×¤£¬Ûµ¥¡A´N¥s°µ¤£¹ïºÙÁ·½K(asymmetric fold)¡A³o®ÉÁ·½Kªº¶b­±©¹©¹¬O¶É±×¦Ó«D««ª½ªº¡C

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¦b¤£¶É¨SªºÁ·¦±¤¤¡A¦U©¥¼hªº¨«¦V¤j­P©M¶b½u¥­¦æ¡F¦ý¬O¦b¶É¨SªºÁ·¦±¤¤¡A¦U©¥¼h³£¦b¶b½u³¬¦X(converge)¡C¦b­I±×¼h¤¤¡A¦a¼h³¬¦Xªº¤è¦V´N¬O¥¦ªº¶É¨S¤è¦V¡F¦b¦V±×¼h¤¤¡A¦a¼h³¬¦X¤è¦V©M¥¦ªº¶É¨S¤è¦V¬Û¤Ï¡C¤@­ÓÁ·¦±ªº¨âºÝ¦pªG³£¦V¤U¶É¨S¡A´N¥s°µÂù¶ÉÁ·¦±(doubly plunging fold)¡C

°£¤F­I±×¼h©M¦V±×¼h¥~¡A¥t¥~©|¦³´XºØ¸û­«­nªºÁ·½K«¬¦¡¦p¤U¡G

ªÆ¥C(dome)¬°¤@­Óªø©M¼e¬Ûµ¥ªº­I±×¼h¡A¦ý¬O¨S¦³¨âÁlªº¤À§O¡C©Ò¦³©¥¼h³£¥Ñ¤¤¶¡³Ì°ªÂI¦V¦U¤è¦V¶É±×¡A¦n¹³¤@­Ó­Ë¸mªº¸J¡C

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­ËÂàÁ·½K(overturned fold)Á·½K¤¤ªº¨âÁl¦V¦P¤@¤è¦V¶É±×¡A¨ä¤¤¤@Ál¶É¨¤¶W¹L¤E¤Q«×¦Ó¦¨¬°­ËÂàÁl(overturned limb)¡A¥t¤@Ál¬°¥¿±`Ál(normal limb)¡C

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¸`²z¦b©¥¼h¤¤´X¥G¨S¦³³æ¿W¥X²{ªº¡AÁ`¬O³y¦¨¤@¸s¸`²z¡A©¼¦¹²¤¬Û¥­¦æ¡A³o´N¥s°µ¸`²z²Õ(joint set)¡C¨C¬Û¾F¨â¸`²zªº¶¡¶Z¦³ªº¶È¼Æ¤½¤À¡A¦³ªº¥i¥H¼e¹F¼Æ¤½¤Ø¡C¦pªG¨â²Õ©ÎªÌ¨â²Õ¥H¤Wªº¸`²z¬Û¥æ¦¨¤@©wªº¨¤«×¡A³o´Nºc¦¨¤F¸`²z¨tjoint system)¡C¸`²z¦b¤uµ{¦a½è¤Wªº­«­n©Ê¤w¦p«e­z(2.3.1)¡A¨ä¦b¦a½è¹Ï¤Wªº²Å¸¹¬°¡© £\ ¡ª±×ªø½uªí¥Ü¸`²z­±ªº¨«¦V¡A¤p¥¿¤è§Î«h«ü¸`²z­±ªº¶É±×¤è¦V¡A£\¬°¨ä¶É¨¤¡C

Â_¼h(fault)¤]¬O¤@ºØÄÝ©ó¯}µõ©ÊªºÅܧΡA¤£¹L¦b¯}µõ­±¨â°¼ªº©¥¼h´¿ªuµÛµõ­±µo¥Í¬Û¹ïªº²¾°Ê¡A©Î¬O¤W¤U²¾°Ê¡A©Î¬O¥ª¥k«e«á²¾°Ê¡CÂ_¼h¦³®É¬°¤@²M´·©úÅ㪺Â_µõ¯}¸H­±¡AºÙ¬°Â_¼h­±(fault plane)¡A¦ý³q±`³£¦¨¬°¤@­ÓÂ_¼h±a(fault zone)¡A¨ã¦³¬Û·íªº¼e«×¡CÂ_¼h±a¦h¥ÑÂ_¼h¨â°¼ªº¯}¸H©¥¶ô©M¸H¤g°ï¿n½¦µ²¦Ó¦¨¡A¨ä¤¤¦³®É©|§t¦³­Y¤z¤pÂ_¼h¡A³o®É­Ô­n»{ÃÑ¥DÂ_­±´N¤ñ¸û§xÃø¡CÂ_­±¥i¥H§@ºØºØ¨¤«×ªº¶É±×¡C¦bÂ_­±¤W¤èªº©¥¼hºÙ¬°¤W½L(hanging wall)¡A¦bÂ_­±¤U¤èªº©¥¼hºÙ¬°¤U½L(foot wall)¡C¦pªGÂ_­±««ª½¡A´N¨S¦³¤W¤U½Lªº¤À§O¡C

Â_¼h¨â°¼©¥¼h©Òµo¥Íªº²¾°Ê³£¬O¬Û¹ïªº¡A¦]¬°¦bÂ_¼hµo¥Í®É¨s³º¬O¤W½Lªº©¥¼h¦b²¾°Ê¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¤U½Lªº©¥¼h¦b²¾°Ê¡A©ÎªÌ¤W¤U½L©¥¼h§¡µo¥Í²¾°Ê¡A¤wµLªk°l¨s¡C©Ò¥H¥D­nÂ_¼hªº¤ÀÃþ¬O¥HÂ_¼h¨â°¼©¥½L©Òµo¥Íªº¬Û¹ï²¾°Ê¬°·Ç¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¥¦ªºµ´¹ï²¾°Ê¡C®Ú¾Ú³oºØ¼Ð·Ç¡A¥i¥H§âÂ_¼h¤À¬°¤T¤jÃþ(¹Ï18§Yªí¥Ü¤£¦PÃþ«¬ªºÂ_¼h)¡G

 

¹Ï18 ¥D­nªºÂ_¼hºØÃþ(¦ó¬K»^¡A1980)

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°fÂ_¼h(reverse fault)

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¾î²¾Â_¼h(strike-slip fault)

³oÃþÂ_¼hªuµÛÂ_­±¨S¦³¤W¤U««ª½ªº²¾°Ê¡A¥D­nªº¬OªuµÛÂ_¼h­±¨«¦Vµo¥Í¤ô¥­¤è¦Vªº¥ª¥k²¾°Ê¡AÂ_­±±`ªñ©ó««ª½¡C¾î²¾Â_¼h¥D­n¤]¬O¥ÑÀ£¤O©Ò³y¦¨ªº¡A¥i¥H¦A¤À¬°¨âÃþ¡G¦pªGÂ_¼h¥ª¤èªºÂ_¶ô¬Û¹ï¦a¦VÆ[´úªÌ(¥Lªºµø½u©MÂ_¼h¨«¦V¥­¦æ)²¾ªñ¹L¨Ó¡A³o´N¥s°µ¥ª²¾Â_¼h(left lateral fault)¡C¦pªGÂ_¼h¥k¤èªºÂ_¶ô¬Û¹ï¦a¦VÆ[´úªÌ²¾ªñ¹L¨Ó¡A³o´N¥s°µ¥k²¾Â_¼h(right lateral fault)¡C

©¥¼h¸gÁ·¦±§@¥Î¦Óµo¥ÍÅs¦±«á¡A¦b¶b³¡ªþªñ·|²£¥Í³\¦hµõ»Ø¡A¨Ï±o¸Ó³Bªº©¥¼h¸û¬°¯}¸H(¹Ï19)¡FÂ_¼h§@¥Î¥ç·|³y¦¨¤@Â_¼h¯}¸H±a(¹Ï1)¡C¦]¦¹¦b¤uµ{¦a½è½Õ¬d®É¡A¥²¶·½T»{³o¨Ç®z±aªº¦s¦b¡C

 

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